Solutions for Drude model exercises¶

Exercise 1: Extracting quantities from basic Hall measurements¶

Hall voltage is measured across the sample width. Hence,

\[ V_H = -\int_{0}^{W} E_ydy \]

where $E_y = -v_xB$.

$R_{xy}$ = $-\frac{B}{ne}$, so it does not depend on the sample geometry.
If hall resistance and magnetic field are known, the charge density is calculated from $R_{xy} = -\frac{B}{ne}$.

As $V_x = -\frac{I_x}{ne}B$, a stronger field makes Hall voltages easier to measure.

3.

$$
R_{xx} = \frac{\rho_{xx}L}{W}
$$

where $\rho_{xx} = \frac{m_e}{ne^2\tau}$. Therefore, scattering time ($\tau$) is known and $R_{xx}$ depend upon the sample geometry.

Exercise 2: Motion of an electron in a magnetic and an electric field¶

1.

$$
m\frac{d\bf v}{dt} = -e(\bf v \times \bf B)
$$

Magnetic field affects only the velocities along x and y, i.e., $v_x(t)$ and $v_y(t)$ as they are perpendicular to it. Therefore, the equations of motion for the electron are

$$
\frac{dv_x}{dt} = -\frac{ev_yB_z}{m}
$$

$$
\frac{dv_y}{dt} = \frac{ev_xB_z}{m}
$$

We can compute $v_x(t)$ and $v_y(t)$ by solving the differential equations in 1.

From

\[ v_x'' = -\frac{e^2B_z^2}{m^2}v_x \]

and the initial conditions, we find $v_x(t) = v_0 \cos(\omega_c t)$ with $\omega_c=eB_z/m$. From this we can derive $v_y(t)=v_0\sin(\omega_c t)$.

We now calculate the particle position using $x(t)=x(0) + \int_0^t v_x(t')dt'$ (and similar for $y(t)$). From this we can find a relation between the $x$- and $y$-coordinates of the particle

\[ (x(t) - x_0)^2 + (y(t) - y_0)^2 = \frac{v_0^2}{\omega_c^2}. \]

This equation describes a circular motion around the point $x_0=x(0), y_0=y(0)+v_0/\omega$, where the characteristic frequency $\omega_c$ is called the cyclotron frequency. Intuition: $\frac{mv^2}{r} = evB$ (centripetal force = Lorentz force due to magnetic field).
Due to the applied electric field $\bf E$ in the $x$-direction, the equations of motion acquire an extra term:

\[ m v_x' = -e(E_x + v_yB_z). \]

Differentiating w.r.t. time leads to the same 2nd-order D.E. for $v_x$ as above. However, for $v_y$ we get

\[ v_y'' = -\omega_c^2(v_d+v_y), \]

where we defined $v_d=\frac{E_x}{B_z}$. The general solutions are

\[ v_y(t) = c_1\sin(\omega_c t)+ c_2\cos(\omega_c t) -v_d \\ v_x(t) = c_3\sin(\omega_c t)+ c_4\cos(\omega_c t). \]

Using the initial conditions $v_x(0)=v_0$ and $v_y(0)=0$ and the 1st order D.E. above, we can show

\[ v_y(t) = v_0\sin(\omega_c t)+ v_d\cos(\omega_c t) -v_d \\ v_x(t) = v_d\sin(\omega_c t)+ v_0\cos(\omega_c t). \]

By integrating the expressions for the velocity we find:

\[ (x(t)-x_0)^2 + (y(t) - y_0 + v_d t))^2 = \frac{v_0^2}{\omega_c^2}. \]

This represents a cycloid: a circular motion around a point that moves in the $y$-direction with velocity $v_d=\frac{E_x}{B_z}$.

Exercise 3: Temperature dependence of resistance in the Drude model¶

Find electron density from $n_e = \frac{ZnN_A}{W} $

where Z is valence of copper atom, n is density, $N_A$ is Avogadro constant and W is atomic weight. Use $\rho$ from the lecture notes to calculate scattering time.
$\lambda = \langle v \rangle\tau$
Scattering time $\tau \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{T}}$; $\rho \propto \sqrt{T}$
In general, $\rho \propto T$ as the phonons in the system scales linearly with T (remember high temperature limit of Bose-Einstein factor becomes $\frac{kT}{\hbar\omega}$ leading to $\rho \propto T$). Inability to explain this linear dependence is a failure of the Drude model.

Exercise 4: The Hall conductivity matrix and the Hall coefficient¶

$\rho_{xx}$ is independent of B and $\rho_{xy} \propto B$
4 (Refer to the lecture notes).

3.

$$
\sigma_{xx} = \frac{\rho_{xx}}{\rho_{xx}^2 + \rho_{xy}^2}
$$

$$
\sigma_{xy} = \frac{-\rho_{yx}}{\rho_{xx}^2 + \rho_{xy}^2}
$$

This describes a [Lorentzian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line_shape#Lorentzian).